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Urinary casts
Definition Urinary casts are tube-shaped particles made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, and kidney cells. They develop in kidney structures called tubules. Casts are held together by a protein released by the kidney. The content of a cast can tell your health care provider whether your urine is healthy or abnormal. Types of urinary casts include: - Fatty casts
- Granular casts
- Hyaline casts
- Red blood cell casts
- Renal tubular epithelial casts
- Waxy casts
- White blood cell casts
Alternative Names Hyaline casts; Granular casts; Renal tubular epithelial casts; Waxy casts; Casts in the urine; Fatty casts, Red blood cell casts; White blood cell casts How the test is performed A clean-catch (midstream) urine sample is needed, preferably the first morning urine sample. Men or boys should first wipe clean the head of the penis. Women or girls need to wash the area between the lips of the vagina with soapy water and rinse well. As you start to urinate, allow a small amount to fall into the toilet bowl (this clears the urethra of contaminants). Then, in a clean container, catch about 1 to 2 ounces of urine and remove the container from the urine stream. Give the container to the health care provider or assistant. In infants, thoroughly wash the area around the urethra. Open a urine collection bag (a plastic bag with an adhesive paper on one end), and place it on your infant. For boys, the entire penis can be placed in the bag and the adhesive attached to the skin. For girls, the bag is placed over the labia. Place a diaper over the infant (bag and all). Check your baby frequently and remove the bag after the infant has urinated into it. For active infants, this procedure may take a couple of attempts -- lively infants can displace the bag. The urine is drained into a container for transport back to the health care provider. How to prepare for the test No special preparation is needed. How the test will feel The test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort. Why the test is performed Your doctor may order this test to see if your kidneys are working properly and to check for certain conditions such as kidney infections, glomerular disease, and interstitial kidney disease. Normal Values There are different types of casts. The presence of a few hyaline casts is normal. What abnormal results mean Abnormal results may include: - Fatty casts are seen in the persons who have lipids in urine, usually as a complication of nephrotic syndrome.
- Granular casts are a sign of underlying kidney disease. However, they are non-specific and may be found in persons with many different kidney disorders.
- Hyaline casts are are usually caused by dehydration, exercise, or diuretic medicines.
- Red blood cell casts are a sign of bleeding into the kidney tubule. They are seen in many diseases affecting the glomerulus, including IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, and Wegener's granulomatosis.
- Renal tubular epithelial cell casts reflect damage to the tubules. They are seen in renal tubular necrosis, viral disease (such as CMV nephritis), and transplant rejection.
- Waxy casts are associated with advanced kidney disease and chronic kidney failure.
- White blood cell (WBC) casts are more common in interstitial cell kidney diseases such as interstitial inflammation, pyelonephritis, and parenchymal infection.
This test may also show: - Acute nephritic syndrome
- Glomerulonephritis - chronic
- Glomerulonephritis - post-streptococcal
- Glomerulonephritis - rapidly progressive
- Complicated urinary tract infection
- Necrotizing vasculitis
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Primary amyloid
- Secondary amyloid
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
What the risks are There are no risks. Review date: 10/22/2007 Reviewed By: Robert Mushnick, M.D., Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, SUNY Downstate Health Center, Brooklyn, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
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